The Effects Of Blood Doping On Professional Sports

The phenomenon of the blood doping in professional sports is not new; however, it remains prevalent in sports culture. With new techniques being designed to avoid detection, it could be argued that the prohibition of sports enhancing drugs in the professional sports mirror the prohibition of alcohol, making for unsafe, unsanitary and black market drug erupt. Instead of prohibition, could the professional sports community limitations in order to better allocate their money? There are great incentives to use blood doping techniques with little by way of repercussions. Blood doping is a process intended to boost athlete’s performance by increasing the body’s ability to filter more oxygen to the muscles. This is done by increasing the hemoglobin which is the body’s transportation of oxygen to red blood cells (Webmd). The higher the hemoglobin contents in the blood the higher the oxygen amount being transported to the muscle for the purposes recovery. Most common activities blood doping is found in includes long distance activities such as marathon running and cycling, as blood doing is thought to improve stamina (Webmd). There are multiple types of blood doping such as; blood transfusions, erythropoietin injections (EPO) and synthetic oxygen carriers. There are two forms of blood transfusions. The first type is Autologous Transfusions, which is the process of removing one’s own blood and storing it for future use. Whereas the other, Homologous transfusions is the process ofShow MoreRelatedShould Sports Doping Be Doping?1578 Words   |  7 Pages Doping in sports. At present, the problem of the use of doping by athletes is acute for professional sports. The solution of this task immediately entails chain of related questions: how to improve the system of doping control, what drugs to prohibit to use, what measures to show to athletes who violated the rules.But what do we know about doping, in addition, what do the media and the people profit from it? Looking at the situation of modern sports on the other hand, itRead MoreSteroids and Sports Don’t Mix Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe problems of doping in sports began to surface in the late 1950s, because of rumors that coaches were allowing players to use performance-enhancing drugs. The 1956 Olympic Games where plagued with athletes using performance-enhancing drugs, so countries began to speak out against the harm that drugs were causing to the athletes and the sport (6 Anonymous). Long-term use of performance-enhancing drugs will destroy athletes bodies. Doping is the use of illegal substances that is harmful toRead MoreBlood Doping : Can We Beat It?1347 Words   |  6 PagesBlood Doping: Can We Beat It? All humans, no matter what religion, skin color, age, or gender, have blood streaming through out our bodies. Blood rushes oxygen around the body, pulls carbon dioxide out of the body, sends white blood cells to fight illness and infection, is produced in the bone marrow, carries platelets and fibers that close up wounds, and comes in the types A, B, AB, and O, with type O being a universal blood donor. Blood is not just imperative, it is irreplaceable. Doctors canRead MoreShould Blood Doping Be Illegal or Legal in Sports?1499 Words   |  6 Pagescreate ways to become the best in his/her competitive sports; especially when one have to use a lot of endurance and energy to win. In order to be the best you have to put in the work. Some athletes do it the hard way, such as eating healthy, exercising and training. Others use the easy way out, engaging with steroids, enhancements, and blood doping to get ahead of the competition. Many professional athletes have taken to the practice of blood doping in order to gain a competitive edge in their fieldRead MorePreventing PEDs in Professional Sports Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) among athletes in professional sports has caused an outrage all around the world for many years. The use of PEDs not only affects the athlete that chooses to use them, but also the athletes they are competing against, other teams, and the team or country they are representing (â€Å"Survey Reveals†). It is important for athletes to maintain a good reputation in competition, because they need to represent their team in a positive manner and not create suspicionRead MoreThe Greatest Cycling Doping Scheme Fell Apart Around The Ringleader Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2012 the greatest cycling doping scheme fell apart around the ringleader, Lance Armstrong. He was called a cheat, bully, and stripped of all seven of his consecutive Tour De France yellow jerseys. At the heart of all of this was a drug called EPO and a method called blood doping. In an investigation by the International Cycling Union (UCI) they found that the period between 1990 and 2000 to as an â€Å"epo epidemic† (Lodewijkx 3). And even now dozens of professional athletes get banned over the u seRead MoreThe Legalization Of Steroids Should Be Beneficial For The World Of Sport1226 Words   |  5 Pagesphysique. Steroids are illegal and are strongly discouraged to be used and may be seen first expressed during high school with the introduction of organized sport teams. The perspective against the legalization of steroids believes in the many benefits of legalization. The perspective for the legalization of steroid expresses the harmful effects of steroids. My view of the subject is that I am against the legalization of steroids. The perspective for the legalization of steroids believes in benefitsRead MoreDoping And Performance Enhancing Drugs1262 Words   |  6 Pagesadmitted to doping during his professional cycle careers. He joins other great names; such as Tyson Gay, Mark McGwire, Barry Bonds, and Alex Rodriguez; all great athletes who have had their reputations tarnished by using performance enhancing drugs (sometimes shortened to PEDs). In his interview with Opera Winfrey, Armstrong stated that â€Å"I didn t view [doping] [as cheating]. I viewed it as a level playing field† (Lance). With this statement, Armstrong is declaring that many professional cyclists andRead MoreErythropoietin : Is It Worth It?1542 Words   |  7 Pageslevels in the blood. When oxygen levels are too low, EPO is released and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. Often times a low oxygen level in the blood can indicate that a person has anemia, which is a â€Å"condition in which the blood is defi cient in red blood cells†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Merriam-Webster, 2017). Although it created an impressive annual sale, it quickly became used as a doping method for many athletes (Easton, 2010). It’s been almost 20 years since the first EPO doping scandal occurredRead MoreNegative Effects Of Doping In Sport974 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance are continually tempted to use illicit drugs to gain competitive advantage and to aid recovery from training and injuries. Doping in sport can affect performance, destroy reputations, impact friends, families, teams and community support. Doping is defined as the administration of drugs to an animal or person in order to enhance sporting performance. Doping has been traced all the way back to 393 BC when Ancient Greeks used substances to improve their performance in the Greek Olympics. Although

Attachment Theory In Pregnancy - 815 Words

Over the last two decades, multiple studies that have examined the stability of attachment classification from infancy have shown significant discrepancies between the rates of continuity, particularly among the low and high-risk groups, as well as, greater rates of discontinuity among middle-risk groups. Waters et al (2000) administered 12-month-old low-risk infants with the Strange Situation Task in a twenty-year longitudinal study and reported a stability rate of 64%, whereas, Aikins, Howes and Hamilton (2009) via similar procedures demonstrated the stability rate of attachment categories among low-risk infants were only 25%. An explanation for these differences may be due to sample sizes or measurement errors, however the interrater†¦show more content†¦This discontinuity of attachment classifications has been attributed to individuals that have experienced high levels of life stress after one year of age, such as parental divorce, parental depression/hospitalization, de ath of a parent, abuse by a family member, etc. These variables are especially prevalent among disadvantaged groups living in poverty, who experiences greater life stress consistently. Hence, negative life events can cause changes in the quality of caregiving and alter the dynamics of the family, which impacts the stability of attachment relationship from infancy onwards. Therefore, it is the caregiver’s behaviour and the environmental factors surrounding the individual that shapes the stability and change in attachment styles rather than age such as one year. This also supports Bowlby’s attachment theory which highlights both stability and change, hence, it can be concluded infant attachment styles (as measured by the Ainsworth Strange Situation Task) isn’t permanent and can change even after the first year of life. Overall, this emphasises the importance of caregiver-child relationship and their effect on the socio-emotional development of children. The developmental psychological model outlined by Schore (1999), clearly demonstrates secure parental-child attachment is linked to better cognitive and behavioural outcome for theShow MoreRelatedAttachment And Its Effects On Children s Life1025 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment starts to develop since the women’s pregnancy, during this stage of human development the female starts to cultivate emotional attachment to the fetus. The method in which attachment is formed during gestation will eventually affect or enhance the child stance during pregnancy or even after birth. Attachment can be defined as the manner in which an infant creates an emotional connection between specific members. Attachment can be clearly detected, especially with the persons who are closerRead MoreMaternal Fetal Attachment Theory Essay659 Words   |  3 PagesAttachme nt theory was developed by psychoanalyst John Bowlby in the 1950s to focus on the bond formed between a mother and child; this first relationship is critical in determining a child’s developmental outcome and it is indicative of the child’s future relationships (Brooks, 2013). A parent and child can develop a secure attachment or fall into one of three insecure attachment styles: anxious-avoidant attachments, anxious-resistant attachments, and disorganized/disoriented attachments. ChildrenRead MoreSylvia And Deborah Case Study1187 Words   |  5 Pagescome from a disconnect with attachment during the early stages of Deborah’s life. In addition, Deborah’s early experiences affect and change the developing right brain system by forging deeper connections (Schore J. Schore K., 2014, p. 179). The process of developing her emotional regulation and personal growth lacks may not have successfully expanded because of the lack of attachment during her early chil dhood. Psychological Components Deborah’s lack of attachment and inability to process stressRead MoreBasic Statistics Essay examples919 Words   |  4 Pages| Project paper and Feasibility Paper: Week 2 | As preparation for the final research paper, formulate a theory about the correlation between measurable independent variables (causes) and one measurable dependent variable (the effect). Be sure to have at least two independent variables for proposed research paper. The topic proposal should include the following four items which serve as the foundation for the final research paper after instructor feedback is given. | 1) Purpose Statement InRead MoreContemporary Attachment Theory : Epigenetics, Right Brain, And Regulation766 Words   |  4 PagesContemporary Attachment Theory: Epigenetics, Right Brain, and Regulation An interdisciplinary move toward consilience, along with advances in developmental, neurobiological, and epigenetic research, has expanded Bowlby’s fundamental ideas into increasingly complex, refinements of contemporary attachment theory, that include findings from epigenetics, and brain, especially right brain, development while illuminating auto regulatory functions. Epigenetics. Contemporary attachment theorists now viewRead MoreA Complex Compound Of Factors That Has Direct And Indirect Effects On My Physical, Cognitive, And Social1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthe disciplinary authority figure in the house, and my father was always trying to get his point through a conversion. I was born in the 80s, at this time, my mother was 20 years old; I was the second child and the third pregnancy. Not uncommon in Latin America is a pregnancy without preparation, and following the protocol of a Latin family, I was not planned, the same way as my brother and sister, we were a result of a passion that didn’t think about the consequences of unprotected sex. HoweverRead MoreBeing the Child of a Parent with a Mental Illness1727 Words   |  7 Pages Being the child of a parent who has a mental illness involves considerable risk to the child’s secure attachment and long-term mental health. Parental mental health concerns place children at a significantly greater risk of lower social, psychological and physical health than children in families not affected by mental illness. (Mayberry et al, 2005). Living with a parent suffering from a mental illness can have huge negative effects for the developing child. It has been proven numerous times thatRead MoreThe Development Of Attachment Theory1336 Words   |  6 Pageswill look at the development of attachment theory since the time of Bowlby and the many theories proposed to determine which best describes attachment. The Attachment theory highlights the importance of attachment especially between mothers and infants in regards to the infants personal development, both physically and emotionally. Bowlby describes attachment as â€Å"lasting psychological connectedness between human beings†(Bowlby, 1969, p.194). Bowlby’s attachment theory suggested that mothers and infantsRead MorePostpartum Depression And Its Effects On Women1163 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, the treatment of mental illness during pregnancy requires weighing the benefits of pharmacological treatment for the mother, to the risk of the medications on th e growth and development of the fetus as well as the theoretical risks associated with undertreated depression. However, many studies are showing that the risks of postpartum depression to both the mother and infant significantly outweigh the risks of pharmacological treatment during pregnancy. Also, due to the ethical issues surroundingRead MoreAn Attachment For Successful Emotional And Social Development Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pages Attachment is a strong emotional connection between two people, often a bond between a child and caregiver. Since Bowlby’s (1969) theory, describing the importance of developing an attachment for successful emotional and social development, other researchers have theorised that not forming attachments affects individuals, including their possible development of mental health issues. Researchers have replicated Ainworths and Wittig’s (1969) Strange Situation experiment, using the results for

Starbucks Strategic Free Essays

string(237) " By collaborating publicly with Conservation International, Starbucks stands to increase their legitimacy with other NGOs; thus, reducing the risk of protests and the negative implications those protests would have on their brand image\." Starbucks – Strategic Management Prowess Efficacy Today we stand witness to a new coffee era, one made up of Caffe Lattes, Espresso Macchiatos, Cappuccinos and Frappuccinos. Specialty Coffee is here to stay and no one will be more eager to tell you that than Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks, the world’s largest specialty coffee bar. In 1993, Starbucks continued its aggressive expansion and moved into the East Coast market by establishing a presence in Washington, D. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Strategic or any similar topic only for you Order Now C. This expansion has continued and today Starbucks operates more then 15,800 stores internationally and employs roughly 140,000 employees. It grosses 11. 7 billion in annual revenue and is opening 5 new stores every day. (Starbucks Corporation, 2011) Starbucks competes with players both within the specialty market and against those outside the specialty coffee market. Some examples of competitors within the specialty coffee market are Tully’s coffee, Seattle’s Best Coffee, Peet’s Coffee, Caribou Coffee and other smaller chains. Those outside the specialty market include, Folgers, Proctor Gamble, Dunkin Donuts, McDonalds and numerous other coffee serving establishments. Starbucks leverages its customer loyalty, premium quality coffee and the homey atmosphere of its stores to fend off competition. Specialty Coffee Industry Attractiveness The most attractive industry for any profit maximizing firm within a capitalistic society would be one in which they can have a pure monopoly. In economics this refers to situations in which one established firm can be the sole provider of a product or service in a particular market segment. This theory of monopoly would be one end of the industry attractiveness scale, while the other endpoint would be defined by the theory of perfect competition. This scale will help us to define the attractiveness of the specialty coffee industry in relation to these two extremes. The five forces analysis of the specialty coffee industry has allowed us to identify some of the key structural characteristics of the main players in the industry, such as the buyers, suppliers, potential new entrants, potential substitutes and rivals within the industry. These key structural characteristics suggest that the forces exerted by these five players on the specialty coffee industry initially made it ideal for a situation to develop in which the industry structure was closer to the monopoly end point on the scale of attractiveness rather than the pure competition end point. The primary competition among rivals within the industry was not price oriented; the buyers of specialty coffee and the sellers of Arabica beans had little bargaining power at their disposal; and there existed no true substitutes for specialty coffee. The strongest force acting on the industry was that of the potential new entrants, which could be mitigated by a first mover firm if it was able to establish dominant brand recognition, successfully expand aggressively and create a defendable differentiated product. Therefore, placing the specialty coffee industry at its inception in the late 1980s on the scale defined above is now possible and it appears to reside closer to the monopoly end of the scale than perfect competition, making it a very desirable industry from the standpoint of a profit maximizing firm such as Starbucks. The second important factor influencing the attractiveness of an industry is the demographic makeup of the consumer base. The higher average American consumption of coffee per day, added to the attractiveness of the industry by providing an enormous pool of potential customers. These two factors also play a significant role in determining the attractiveness of the industry because they show that the average customer of the specialty coffee industry has more financial resources, education and consumes more coffee than the typical American. This implies a consumer base that is more flexible to price fluctuations and is less likely to fuel discounting among rival competitors, or a price war. Both Michael Porter’s five forces analysis of the specialty coffee industry and the demographic makeup of the consumer base, then, suggest an extremely attractive industry with large growth potential in the late 1980s. The objective of any firm trying to dominate or monopolize the specialty coffee industry would be to create defendable sources of competitive advantage through the use of barriers to entry and a horizontal or organic hierarchy that could outpace competition in innovation. Results of the five forces analysis would suggest, given the unlikely prospect of a price war and the negative repercussions of one, that price superiority alone would be an ill-advised approach. Starbucks’ Success Factors First-mover advantage When Howard Shultz purchased the assets of Starbucks on August 18, 1987, he immediately set in motion an aggressive growth strategy targeted at the unique consumer base the specialty coffee industry attracted. Strategic expansion to east Chicago was chosen as the first major eastern expansion target because it presented enormous opportunities being located in the heartland of the two largest basic coffee companies in the United States. The first of these two companies was Folgers, part of the food and beverages division of Procter ; Gamble, and the second company was Maxwell House. California Expansion California simply represented a vast market with an ideal demographic makeup and open attitude toward high quality and innovative foods. Los Angeles was chosen to be the hub city in California given its status as a trendsetter and Hollywood’s cultural ties to the rest of the country. The Catalog Another means Starbucks utilized to determine the most advantageous locations to open new stores was through their mail order catalog. This catalog gave customers the opportunity to order wholesale packaged Starbucks’ coffee beans from anywhere in the country. Employee Satisfaction As Howard Schultz said in reference to his employees, â€Å"these people are not only the heart and soul but also the public face of the company. Every dollar earned passes through their hands. † Maintaining quality of Arabica beans In order to ensure that the quality of Arabica beans stayed at a consistently high level, Starbucks pursued strategies to secure their supply-chain. Environmental / Social Goodwill By collaborating publicly with Conservation International, Starbucks stands to increase their legitimacy with other NGOs; thus, reducing the risk of protests and the negative implications those protests would have on their brand image. You read "Starbucks Strategic" in category "Essay examples" This alliance also allowed Starbucks to attain economies of scale in regards to their ability to contribute positively to the community and the environment by tapping in to some of the expertise offered through Conservation international. The most important aspect of the strategic alliance with conservation international was the collaborative development of C. A. F. E. practices (Coffee and Farmer Equity Practices). The primary goal of the C. A. F. E. practices was to enhance the coffee farmer’s quality of life and to ensure a long-term stream of high quality coffee. Capturing the concept of â€Å"The Third Place† Starbucks tries to offer a â€Å"third place†, where people can get away from the daily routines of their lives and enjoy a cup of coffee from Sumatra, Kenya or Costa Rica. Most importantly, it is a place that offers casual social interactions. Michael Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis The five variables responsible for the forces analyzed using this model are the industry suppliers, buyers, potential new entrants, substitute products and the competition among existing firms. The analysis will apply Porter’s five forces model to the environment surrounding Starbucks today in order to develop an accurate understanding of the current specialty coffee industry. Industry Rivalry Starbucks competes with a variety of smaller scale specialty coffee shops, mostly concentrated in different regions. All of these specialty coffee chains are differentiated from Starbucks in one way or another. Caribou Coffee is a specialty coffee chain that competes with Starbucks. Where Starbucks strives to create an upscale European atmosphere, Caribou coffee tries to implement a more American feel to their coffee houses. A Canadian-based company, A. L. Van Houtte, operates roughly 100 corporate outlets and franchises, serving nearly 3 million cups of coffee per day. As the original inspiration for Starbucks, Peet’s Coffee and Tea Company which originated in Berkeley, California still poses a serious competitive threat. In addition to these smaller scale specialty coffee companies, Starbucks must now compete against two of the largest companies in the fast food industry namely Dunkin Donuts, and McDonald’s restaurant fast food chain. PASTE REST OF COMPETITOR LOGOS Potential for New Entrants The primary deterrents to entry in the specialty coffee industry are the various barriers to entry. The economies of scale within the specialty coffee industry have increased as the size of the top players has increased. There is numerous cost disadvantages imposed on new entrants that are independent of the economies of scale considerations. Product differentiation within the specialty coffee industry has moved towards more subjective traits such as the ambience of the store, the social responsibility of the company and brand identification. All of this makes it more difficult for new entrants to gain a solid customer base. Substitute Products The force created by substitute products in the specialty coffee industry has decreased. Supplier Bargaining Power This initiative was designed to. The fair trade coffee certification ensures that the coffee farmers would be compensated fairly for their crops. Their increased unity under this initiative worked as a positive externality by increasing their ability to exert bargaining power over their buyers, and this initiative is looked at by consumers in their decision of where to purchase their premium coffee. Bargaining Power of Buyers The primary buyers in the specialty coffee industry remain individual consumers, who neither engage in concerted behaviour nor individually purchase in large volumes relative to the total sales of a corporation such as Starbucks. The Specialty Coffee Industry Life Cycle: An Evolutionary Process Through the application of Michael Porter’s five forces model to the specialty coffee industry in which Starbucks currently competes, an understanding of the relative magnitude of each of the five competitive forces has been developed. Specialty Coffee Growth Rate When analyzing the specialty coffee industry’s sales growth from 1990 to 2011, as illustrated in exhibit 1, we can see that the industry experienced enormous growth in total sales between 1998 and 2002. Using exhibit 2, which depicts the generic stages of the industry lifecycle in a graphical format, we can compare the two and pose a hypothesis as to where the specialty coffee industry is in this life cycle. Namely, this comparison suggests that the specialty coffee industry is near the inflection point between the growth stage and the maturity stage in the industry lifecycle. Target Consumer Segment When specialty coffee was first being produced, its target consumer segment was the upper income class. This can be seen in Exhibit 3, which shows a survey Starbucks conducted during the 1990s and highlights the high education and income of its average consumer. This specific customer segment has been nearly fully penetrated. Any additional growth will most likely come from those consumers with middle or lower incomes. Strategic Adaptation Strategies The first thing an organization must do to adapt to a changing lifecycle is to determine where the industry is in that lifecycle. From the assumptions made in this analysis, I have postulated that Starbucks and the specialty coffee industry in the United States is at the end of its growth stage and in the beginning of its mature stage. The buyer market will slowly become fully saturated and repeat buyers will become the primary constituents of the consumer base, with a stronger emphasis on discounting and less differentiation between brands. The next step is formulating a proper strategy to overcome the barriers, in the form of organizational inertia. This would involve developing a fundamental understanding of what the primary contributors to that inertia are. This in turn involves identifying the existing routines and capabilities, the hierarchy structure, along with the power structure and identifying the ingrained perceptions of the business from an outsider’s perspective. Competitive Advantage in a Mature Industry It is first important to determine how Starbucks should reorient their strategic focus, given the characteristics of a mature industry. In the case of Starbucks, they should improve their capabilities in their distribution network and maintain their industry lead in low transportation costs. Starbucks, however, should not attempt to pursue cost advantage in low-cost inputs. In the specialty coffee industry, quality is determined in large part by the quality of the raw inputs, Arabica coffee beans, which are used during the brewing process. Starbucks also should not attempt to seek a cost advantage through their labor force. Undercutting these two inputs would place their brand reputation at risk, which would have a very detrimental effect on their profits. TO ADD: SWOT ANALYSIS + PORTER MODEL IN PICTORIAL FORM+ PESTEL ANALYSIS SOME MOER DIAGRAMS AND PICs Appendix: Starbuck global footprint Growth of Starbuck Stores over last 40 years How to cite Starbucks Strategic, Essay examples

Concerning Contracts Law

Questions: 1. Is Mojo Beverage entitled to pay $100,000 to Ben? 2. Whether there was any valid contract between Livestock Brothers and Dorper Sheep Sellers,If the acceptance were made through fax, would it amount to an acceptance of the offer? 3. Is Stuart liable to pay the full amount of $1000 rental and the deficit amount to Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd? Answers: 1. Law An agreement entered into by two or more parties that is enforceable by law is termed as a contract. The parties entering into the agreement must have legal intentions to bind the agreement (Bhat, 2015). The prerequisite of a valid contract is that it consists of an agreement, an offer and the acceptance of such offer. An offer is the willingness of an offeror to form a contract and acceptance takes place when the offeree accepts the offer proposed. An offer is distinguished from an invitation to treat. Advertisements are usually construed as invitations to treat. However, if they are made to the entire world to accept it, it becomes a unilateral contract and is treated as an offer (Butler et al., 2013). A unilateral contract is formed when either of the parties make an express promise to pay in exchange for an act to be performed by the other party (Cheong, 2014). If the offeree performs according to the offerors promise, the offeror becomes legally bound to fulfill his obligations. In the case Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893), the court held that although the offer was made to the world, Mrs Carlill accepted the offer by fulfilling the terms of the contract. Hence, it amounted to a valid contract and the plaintiff was entitled to the reward. In a unilateral contract, there cannot be acceptance unless the offeree has the knowledge of the offer (Mir, 2015). The party whose performance is sought is not legally bound to perform his obligations but if he performs, the offeror becomes legally bound to comply with the contract (Smits, 2014). Application In the mentioned case, Mojo Beverage made an advertisement for reward that an amount of $100,000 shall be paid whoever catches the tagged Trout. It amounted to a unilateral contract as it was made to all the people of Lake Tranquil. Here, Mojo Beverage is the offeror and Ben the offeree. Ben heard that the price money was erroneous and the correct amount was $1000, few minutes before catching the trout. Ben was aware of the error in the price before catching Lord Harry. Even after that, he proceeded to perform his obligation. In a unilateral contract, when the offeree performs the act, acceptance takes place. Ben performed despite being aware of the change in the offer, which means he had accepted the offer. 2. Law It is a well-established rule that the offeree must communicate the acceptance of an offer to the offeror (Zhang, 2015). A contract would not come into existence unless the offeror receives the acceptance as stated in the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation (1995). Once an offer is accepted the contract becomes binding between the two parties. An offer may be revoked by the offeror at any time unless the offeree has accepted the same. However, the offeror must communicate the revocation of the offer to the offeree (Adriaanse, 2016). The offeree must accept the offer without modifying or changing the original offer. If the offer is modified in any manner, it would be treated as a counter-offer and then the original offer cannot be accepted further as stated in the landmark case of Hyde v Wrench [1840] (McKendrick, 2014). However, a simple request for obtaining information regarding the terms of the offer, it shall not be treated as a counter-offer and the original contract remains intact as observed in Stevenson V. McLean [1880]. Where an offer specifies a stipulated period of time within which it has to be accepted, the offer must be accepted within the stipulated time; otherwise, the offer shall terminate after the expiry of such stipulated period (Jones, 2016). In case, the stipulated period is not expressed, the offer shall be deemed valid for a reasonable period as observed in Ramsgate Victoria Hotel v MonteFiore [1866] LR 1 EX 109. The reasonable time depends upon the circumstances, that prevails at the time the offer is made and acceptance of the same has been made. If the process of acceptance is specified by the offeror, the acceptance of such offer must be communicated by the specified method. If the acceptance is made by telex, telephone and Fax, it is completed when the offeror receives such acceptance. The moment the offeror receives the acceptance the contract is concluded. The offeree must ensure that the acceptance communicated has been received by the offeror to make the contract legally bind ing. Application In the given case, Dorper Sheep Sellers is the offeror who had sent a letter to Livestock Brokers, the offeree, on 1 June, regarding the sale of sheep flock and asked the Livestock Brokers to reply within the period of 14 days. On 6 June, the Livestock Brothers sent a letter to inquire about the terms of the offer regarding the sale to which the Dorper Sheep Sellers did not respond. Here, the Livestock Brokers did not revoke or reject the offer made by the Dorper Sheep Seller, it merely requested to obtain information about the terms of the offer regarding the sale, which does not amount to a counter-offer as the offeree did not modify or change the original offer. The original offer remains intact and binding as stated in Stevenson Jaquess case. However, the offerer expressly specified the stipulated period within which the offeree was required to communicate the acceptance of the offer to the offeror. The offeree accepted the offer after the expiry of the stipulated period. As observed in the Ramsgate Victorias case, if the offeree fails to accept an offer within the stipulated period, the offer automatically terminates after the expiry of the stipulated period. In case Livestock Brokers had communicated the acceptance of the offer by fax within the stipulated period of 14 days, the communication of acceptance shall be completed only when such acceptance is received by the offeror, that is, the Dorper Sheep Seller. 3. Law It is a well-established law that part-payment of a debt is not considered as a good consideration for discharging the full debt. This rule has been established in the landmark case of Penny V Cole [1602]. This rule is referred to as the Pinnels Case. A person owes a certain amount of money to another person, he promises to pay half the amount in full satisfaction, and the other person accepts the same (Kane, 2014). The person accepting the payment cannot be barred from claiming the balance amount later since there is consideration made by the person paying the half amount to make the promise made by the other person, enforceable (Poole, 2016). There is an exception to this rule where consideration may be provided if the creditor agrees and accepts half-payment on prior date rather than the due date or if half-payment is made in a different place and not the original venue (O'Sullivan Hilliard, 2016). Application In the mentioned case, Stuart agreed the lessor, Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd, that he would pay $700 per week instead of $1000 due to a downfall in his business. Westphalia Marts agreed and allowed him to pay the reduced rent amount. Westphalia Marts claims the entire $1000 rental amount per week along with the deficit amount of $300. Here, Stuart made part payment of the rental amount to the lessor, Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd. The lessor although accepted the half payment but it cannot be prevented from claiming the rental amount as stated in the Pinnels case. Conclusion In a unilateral contract, the offeror is legally bound to fulfill the promise made. The offeree is not legally bound to perform his obligations. If the act is performed then the offer is considered as accepted and he becomes entitled to the reward promised. If Ben has performed the act in exchange of the corrected price amount that is, $1000, that was offered by Mojo Beverage then Mojo Beverage being the offeror, would become legally bound to fulfill the promise made. Hence, as stated in the Carbolic Smoke Ball Companys case, Ben would be entitled to receive the reward amount of $1,000 for performing his obligations. A valid contract does not exist between the Livestock Brokers and the Dorper Sheep Seller as the livestock Brokers failed to communicate the acceptance of the offer within the stipulated time and the offer terminated after the expiry of the time-period.In case the acceptance was made by fax, within time the acceptance was not valid, as it was not communicated to the offeror. Stuart is entitled to pay the rental amount along with the deficit amount, as half-payment of a debt is not regarded as a good consideration to discharge the full debt. References Adriaanse, M. J. (2016).Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan. Bhat, A. S. (2015). 008_Contract Law. Butler, D., Christensen, S., Willmott, L., Dixon, B. (2013). Contract Law Case Book. Cheong, T. (2014). A Promising Idea: Reconceptualizing the Formation of Unilateral Contracts.Oxford U. Undergraduate LJ, 1. Jones, E. (2016). Texts, Cases and Materials on Contract Law, by Richard Stone and James Devenney.The Law Teacher, 1-3. Kane, J. (2014). The Rule in Pennel's Case: The Case for Repeal, a Mistaken Preponderance and Finding Consideration in Debt Renegotiations.Dublin ULJ,37, 79. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Mir, F. A. (2015). 020_Mercantile Law. O'Sullivan, J., Hilliard, J. (2016).The law of contract. Oxford University Press. Poole, J. (2016).Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press. Smits, J. M. (2014).Contract law: a comparative introduction. Edward Elgar Publishing. Zhang, E. (2015). Australian Business Law. A Case Study.