The Design of Taipei 101 Essay -- Structural Design

Stiffness and comfort (steel outrigger trusses) The 101 story building, 500 meters high Taipei 101 is located in Taipei, Taiwan. Taipei 101 is the pride and identity of the people of Taiwan. The building represents â€Å"concept of striving for beyond perfection† (Taipei 101 anon 2005) as it outsmarts nature with its technological features. 101 building achieved a remarkable world record for the highest building in 2004 with 101 floors hence the name Taipei 101. Designing and building the 101 building was very challenging and rewarding, as it is located in one of the most hostile places in the world. The tall building is located in Taiwan, which is constantly under attack by Mother Nature, earthquake potential and typhoon winds are just common problem which the architect, C. Y. Lee & Partners, and the structural engineers Thornton Tomasetti Inc needed to solve. The engineers of the Taipei 101 made the impossible possible (Shieh et al n.d). The initial plan was to make three building with 60 storeys building in centre, but t he 60 building soon turned into 101 storey single tower building to meet investor’s demand. In order to be the most unique skyscraper in the world Taipei 101 building represents its culture (Taipei 101 Binder, 2008). In this part of the essay we are going to investigate about how is stiffness and comfort maintained in Taipei 101, we’ll be looking in depth some of the features of Taipei 101 that work together to provide stiffness and comfort. Firstly we will be looking at the stiffness and then move on to comfort features. How is Stiffness and comfort maintained by Taipei 101? To provide comfort the 101 building has to deal against the nature. Taipei 101 is located in a hazard prone environment. Typhoon and ... ...tlUvYTVMMmicsorE9tDlv1VgdZWCJDAKPfx3AOTuaIEUkm4piLesN_8NVrM131TbT8wyyRQ_0MIcIx7yVN5ho3D9NbHoZjiAx477&sig=AHIEtbQNaZZ1eKBA82LxMn_p6RZZMKxmvA&pli=1 (accessed 3.4.11) †¢ Anon. what are steel moment frames? (N.d). [online]. Available from: http://www.propertyrisk.com/refcentr/steel-side.htm (accessed 03.04.11) †¢ Brooks. C., Huff .I. The effect of high altitude or relative humidity. (2006). [online] available from: http://www.physics.umt.edu/borealis/RH%20Lab%20Report_06.pdf. (Accessed: 03.04.11). †¢ Anon, Taipei 101 expected to receive LEED platinum certification( 2010).[online]. Available from: http://www.taipei-101.com.tw/NEWSV/en/news_in.aspx?News_Sn=24 (accessed 03.04.11). †¢ Mizuguchi.h., nakagwa.t. and fujita.y. breaking the 1000mom barrier. (2005). [online]. Available from: http://www.elevator-world.com/magazine/PDF/sept05/sept05.pdf (accessed 03.04.11)

Factors that affect enzyme activity

Since the active site for all molecules of one enzyme will be made up of the same arrangement of amino acids, It has a highly specific shape. Generally, there is only one active site on each enzyme molecule and only one type of substrate molecule will fit into it. This specificity leads to the lock and key hypothesis, Source 1: http:/twwa. s-cool. co. uk/a-level/blology/ biological-molecules-and-enzymes/revise-it/enzymes Source 2: http://cllck4blology. lnfo/c4b?/chem3. 6. htm#one a) Large globular protein enzyme b) Active Site where the substrate combines to the enzyme ) Substrate which fits the active site d) Activated complex.The substrate is weakened to allow the reaction. e) Unchanged enzyme/ re-used at low concentration f) Product of the reaction In my investigation, I will be using the enzyme catalase, which is found in most living organisms. It catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide Into water and oxygen. 2H202 + catalase > 2820 + 02 Catalase dramatically reduces the activation energy needed for the reaction. Without catalase the decomposition would take much longer, and would not be fast enough to sustain human life.Hydrogen peroxide is also a dangerous, very potent by-product of metabolism, so it is essential that it is broken down quickly, otherwise it would cause damage to cells. The activity of an enzyme is affected by its environmental conditions. Changing these will alter the rate of reaction caused by the enzyme. In nature, organisms adjust the conditions of their enzymes to produce an optimum rate of reaction, where necessary, or they may have enzymes which are adapted to function well In extreme conditions where they live.Enzyme Concentration: at low enzyme concentration there is great competition for he active sites and the rate of reaction is low. As the enzyme concentration increases, there are more active sites and the reaction can proceed at a faster rate, for more enzymes will be colliding with substrate molecules. Eventually, i ncreasing tne enzyme concentratlon Deyona a certain polnt nas no erect Decause tne suDstrate concentration becomes the limiting factor.Inquiring upon this factor, it is obvious to anticipate increasing enzyme concentration will also increase rate of reaction based upon contextual knowledge and after casting a certain amount of enzyme oncentration, it will no longer be the limiting factor. If I experiment on this factor, I would perceive my data to resemble the graph below, as it exemplifies how increasing enzyme concentration increases rate of reaction(shown through line climbing) until it becomes the limiting factor and the rate of reaction does not increase(shown through line not climbing).Source 3 :http://alevelnotes. com/Factors- affecting-Enzyme-Activity/146 Substrate Concentration: similar to the enzyme concentration, at low concentrations of substrate there is a low rate of reaction. This is because there are few substrate molecules to react with active sites and therefore li miting the number of reactions happening. Henceforth, increasing the substrate concentration will increase the rate of reaction. This is because more substrate molecules will be colliding with enzyme molecules, so more product will be formed.However, after a certain concentration, any increase will have no effect on the rate of reaction, since Substrate Concentration will no longer be the limiting factor. The enzymes will effectively become saturated, and will be working at their maximum possible rate. If I was to investigate this factor, I would predict the rate of reaction will increase as substrate concentration increases, until a certain concentration is added when the substrate molecules are in excess resulting in enzyme saturation.The graph (below) demonstrates my prediction. Source 3 :http://alevelnotes. com/Factors-affecting-Enzyme-Activity/146 enzyme and substrate Simple image portraying proposed image for concentration (discussed in according factors). Mentioned as â€Å" picture of proposed investigation below' Temperature: All enzymes ave optimal temperatures, the temperature at which an enzyme produces the highest reaction rate for a specific reaction. The majority of enzymes in the human body works best at 37 Celsius degrees.This is because 37 degrees Celsius is the bodys internal temperature and enzymes such as catalase, have been adapted to work best at that certain temperature. Below the optimum temperature, substrates have little kinetic energy and fewer enter the active site to be catalyzed. However, as temperature increases towards the optimum, the substrates and enzymes gain more inetic energy and collide more often leading to a chemical reaction. When the temperature goes above the optimum, the bonds holding enzymes together also gain kinetic energy, increasing the speed at which they vibrate.This leads to the bonds breaking within the enzyme, making it change shape. This change in shape means that the active site is less complementary to the shape of the substrate, so that it is less likely to catalyse the reaction. Eventually, the enzyme will Decome denatured ana will no longer Tunctlon. I nen as temperature Increases more nzymes' molecules' active sites will become less complementary for the substrate molecules and then more enzymes will be denatured.This will decrease the rate of reaction. If I examined this factor, I would predict that the rate of reaction will peak at 37 degrees Celsius, as that is the optimum temperature of catalase. Also, as stated in the latter paragraph, increasing or decreasing the temperature from its optimum will lower the rate of reaction. Therefore, I should expect the data I collected to be similar of the graph below. Source 4: http://www. rsc. rg/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/ enzymes. tm PH: pH measures the acidity and basicity ofa solution. It is a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration, and therefore a good indicator of the hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration. It ranges from PHI to pH14. Lower pH values mean higher H + concentrations and lower OH- concentrations. Unlike the same optimal temperature for all enzymes that dwell in the human body (370c); the optimum pH varies for the enzymes. For example, the enzyme pepsin has an optimum pH of 2. 0 whereas catalase has an optimum of 7. 6.Enzymes in different locations have different Optimum pH values since their environmental conditions may be different. In this instance, pepsin operates most competently at pH 2 because it is commonly found in the stomach, where pH is low due to the presence of hydrochloric acid. Enzymes work in small ranges of pH values, so any change above or below the optimum will cause a sudden decrease in rate of reaction, since more of the enzyme molecules will have active sites whose shapes are not (or at least are less) complementary to the shape of their substrate.Small changes below or above the optimum, does not cause a permanent change to the enzymes since the bonds can be reformed. However, extreme changes in pH can cause enzymes to denature and permanently loose their function. When the pH is changed from the optimal of the certain enzyme, the H+ and OH- interfere with hydrogen and ionic bonds that hold together an enzyme, since they will be attracted or repelled by the charges created by the bonds. This interference causes a change in the shape of the enzyme and most importantly, the active site.

Operations Management Non Profit Organization - 2143 Words

Question 1: provide a definition/ description of strategic planning process, addressing the critical issues/questions the process takes into account. Answers (a) Strategic planning process is an organization’s process, which is designed to identify a long-term goal or direction to develop the organization, and put into practice. Strategic planning guides conversations about an organization’s purpose, helps integrate perspectives from multiple stakeholders, and provides the steps to develop goals and objectives that will move the organization’s forward. (b) The specific issues would be various due to different standards and analysis techniques which applied to strategic planning. However, generally it is critical to cover these aspects†¦show more content†¦Answers a) Roles of Nonprofit Board and the Executives Nonprofit board The nonprofit board has multiple roles and responsibilities. The most common and fundamental of these are the legal and fiduciary duties that apply to essentially all governing boards. Legal duties of board The board of directors is the primary group of people entrusted with and accountable for leadership and governance of the nonprofit corporation, which is authorized by a state to be formed for the purpose of engaging in some form of public service. A nonprofit board and its members have three fundamental duties: Duty of care Duty of loyalty Duty of obedience The fiduciary responsibility of boards Fiduciary responsibility is the responsibility to treat the resources of the organization as a trust, and the responsible board will ensure that these resources are utilized in a reasonable, appropriate, and legally accountable manner. In general, the appropriate exercise of fiduciary responsibility includes Adoption of a set of policies to govern the acquisition and use of financial and other resources Establishment, on a regular basis (usually annual), of a budget that allocates financial resources to the programs and activities that will accomplish the organization’s mission, vision, and goals and outcomes(preferably, in alignment with a strategicShow MoreRelatedAccounting And Financial Reporting Methods894 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction A non-profit organization is an organization exempted from making tax payments and its main objective is to offer the public with services without making any profits. It can be classified as a charitable, religious, educational or scientific organization (Strydom Stephen, 2014). Its excess funds are not shared among its stakeholders as cash dividend; rather they are reinvested back to the organization in the pursuance of its objectives. On the other hand, the sole purpose of the for-profit organizationsRead MoreY-M-C-a! a Business Overview of a Non-Profit Organization Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesOverview of a Non-Profit Organization Crystal Hunter American Intercontinental University Abstract A semi-detailed business overview of the non-profit organization known as the YMCA or Young Men’s Christian Association is discussed. A brief history of the origins of the company is detailed along with the definition or explanation of the company’s mission statement. The organization’s basic legal, social, and economic environment is described. Likewise the YMCA’s management structure, operationalRead MoreThe Critical Areas Of Responsibility Of Non Profit Boards878 Words   |  4 Pagesis it important for non profit organizations to have established mission, Vision and values? Vision is organizations ultimate (main) aim and mission shows how they are going to accomplish this aim. Values show the integrity and the way organization members and staff works. These things are very important for a non profit organization to gain public trust. (Seel, 2014) 2.List and briefly describe the seven critical areas of responsibility of non profit boards. a. EstablishingRead MoreNon-Profit Organizations Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s world there are hundreds of thousands of non-profit organizations (NPOs) established at the local, regional, national and international level, and their influence is increasing. Non-profit organizations even considered the third sector of the economy (the first two is the public and private, or commercial). It is believed that they have a special role in development of civil society. In those countries, which have largely shaped the system of legislative regulation of the sector (USA,Read MoreAnalysed Contemporary Health Issue. Essay865 Words   |  4 Pagesdisease impacts the healthcare organization from a business point of view, whether differences do exist between how profit organizations and non-profit ones are impacted by the above disease, perspectives and responsibilities of financial management staff and the rules and regulations financial management could possibly address conce rning diabetes. Both profit and nonprofit organizations are affected by diabetes in many different ways. The way non-profit organizations manage finances creates a uniqueRead MoreTeaching A Program Of Change Within The Individual s Life926 Words   |  4 Pagesoffered opportunities to participate in monthly group activities and outings. Description of Operations plan (1) Operations: Operations management focuses on how you combine resources and activities to produce outputs and outcomes, which you can then monitor and evaluate by comparing them with the performance indicators you have set. Through making these comparisons you can see which aspects of your operations work well and which need to change. You should use the following items to insure successesRead MoreCash Flows654 Words   |  3 Pagesused to pay for things. Cash flow analysis removes non-cash flow items from the income statement (such as depreciation) and this allows management to understand better the actual business conditions. There are many instances where the net profit fluctuates, but the cash flow from operations does not. That the net profit is subject to variance from non-cash items, including from writedowns, highlights the importance of adding cash flow from operations to the analysis. In addition, the cash flow analysisRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Best Practice880 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management and Best Practice Most organizations strive for efficiency because it is one of the best means of achieving higher labour productivity and or sustainability. Increase labour productivity is usually a measure of increase profitability. The changing, complicated, competitive and, global nature of doing business makes it more difficult to achieve these objectives. Organizations have to think and act strategically. Ulrich’s strategic partner model of HRM offers a good blueprintRead MoreAnalysis of Contemporary Health Care Issues769 Words   |  4 Pagesit will lead to measureable improvements in care outcomes, and in the health of the American general public overall. Non-profit/Profit While non-profit organizations dominate the delivery of health services, there are more than a few for-profit organizations that remain affected by health care spending as well. By having Obama Care in place, non-profit and profit organizations can possibly see an increase by way of earnings and consumers. The CEO of See Change Health; Martin Watson, made a statementRead More1.As A Board Member, What Information Would You Need To1395 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered or not. Understanding public stance on palliative care would also inform how fast the Memorial hospital disclose the matter to the public before the whistleblower shares the information to the press. Lastly, I need information regarding for-profit Palliative Care (PC) service provider’s readiness to agree on the Memorial hospital preconditions so that the hospital consider selling the PC unit. Preconditions like striving to maintain the reputation of the hospital, readiness to enroll patients

The Effects Of Blood Doping On Professional Sports

The phenomenon of the blood doping in professional sports is not new; however, it remains prevalent in sports culture. With new techniques being designed to avoid detection, it could be argued that the prohibition of sports enhancing drugs in the professional sports mirror the prohibition of alcohol, making for unsafe, unsanitary and black market drug erupt. Instead of prohibition, could the professional sports community limitations in order to better allocate their money? There are great incentives to use blood doping techniques with little by way of repercussions. Blood doping is a process intended to boost athlete’s performance by increasing the body’s ability to filter more oxygen to the muscles. This is done by increasing the hemoglobin which is the body’s transportation of oxygen to red blood cells (Webmd). The higher the hemoglobin contents in the blood the higher the oxygen amount being transported to the muscle for the purposes recovery. Most common activities blood doping is found in includes long distance activities such as marathon running and cycling, as blood doing is thought to improve stamina (Webmd). There are multiple types of blood doping such as; blood transfusions, erythropoietin injections (EPO) and synthetic oxygen carriers. There are two forms of blood transfusions. The first type is Autologous Transfusions, which is the process of removing one’s own blood and storing it for future use. Whereas the other, Homologous transfusions is the process ofShow MoreRelatedShould Sports Doping Be Doping?1578 Words   |  7 Pages Doping in sports. At present, the problem of the use of doping by athletes is acute for professional sports. 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Doping is the use of illegal substances that is harmful toRead MoreBlood Doping : Can We Beat It?1347 Words   |  6 PagesBlood Doping: Can We Beat It? All humans, no matter what religion, skin color, age, or gender, have blood streaming through out our bodies. Blood rushes oxygen around the body, pulls carbon dioxide out of the body, sends white blood cells to fight illness and infection, is produced in the bone marrow, carries platelets and fibers that close up wounds, and comes in the types A, B, AB, and O, with type O being a universal blood donor. Blood is not just imperative, it is irreplaceable. Doctors canRead MoreShould Blood Doping Be Illegal or Legal in Sports?1499 Words   |  6 Pagescreate ways to become the best in his/her competitive sports; especially when one have to use a lot of endurance and energy to win. In order to be the best you have to put in the work. Some athletes do it the hard way, such as eating healthy, exercising and training. Others use the easy way out, engaging with steroids, enhancements, and blood doping to get ahead of the competition. Many professional athletes have taken to the practice of blood doping in order to gain a competitive edge in their fieldRead MorePreventing PEDs in Professional Sports Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) among athletes in professional sports has caused an outrage all around the world for many years. The use of PEDs not only affects the athlete that chooses to use them, but also the athletes they are competing against, other teams, and the team or country they are representing (â€Å"Survey Reveals†). It is important for athletes to maintain a good reputation in competition, because they need to represent their team in a positive manner and not create suspicionRead MoreThe Greatest Cycling Doping Scheme Fell Apart Around The Ringleader Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2012 the greatest cycling doping scheme fell apart around the ringleader, Lance Armstrong. He was called a cheat, bully, and stripped of all seven of his consecutive Tour De France yellow jerseys. At the heart of all of this was a drug called EPO and a method called blood doping. In an investigation by the International Cycling Union (UCI) they found that the period between 1990 and 2000 to as an â€Å"epo epidemic† (Lodewijkx 3). And even now dozens of professional athletes get banned over the u seRead MoreThe Legalization Of Steroids Should Be Beneficial For The World Of Sport1226 Words   |  5 Pagesphysique. Steroids are illegal and are strongly discouraged to be used and may be seen first expressed during high school with the introduction of organized sport teams. The perspective against the legalization of steroids believes in the many benefits of legalization. The perspective for the legalization of steroid expresses the harmful effects of steroids. My view of the subject is that I am against the legalization of steroids. The perspective for the legalization of steroids believes in benefitsRead MoreDoping And Performance Enhancing Drugs1262 Words   |  6 Pagesadmitted to doping during his professional cycle careers. He joins other great names; such as Tyson Gay, Mark McGwire, Barry Bonds, and Alex Rodriguez; all great athletes who have had their reputations tarnished by using performance enhancing drugs (sometimes shortened to PEDs). In his interview with Opera Winfrey, Armstrong stated that â€Å"I didn t view [doping] [as cheating]. I viewed it as a level playing field† (Lance). With this statement, Armstrong is declaring that many professional cyclists andRead MoreErythropoietin : Is It Worth It?1542 Words   |  7 Pageslevels in the blood. When oxygen levels are too low, EPO is released and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. Often times a low oxygen level in the blood can indicate that a person has anemia, which is a â€Å"condition in which the blood is defi cient in red blood cells†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Merriam-Webster, 2017). Although it created an impressive annual sale, it quickly became used as a doping method for many athletes (Easton, 2010). It’s been almost 20 years since the first EPO doping scandal occurredRead MoreNegative Effects Of Doping In Sport974 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance are continually tempted to use illicit drugs to gain competitive advantage and to aid recovery from training and injuries. Doping in sport can affect performance, destroy reputations, impact friends, families, teams and community support. Doping is defined as the administration of drugs to an animal or person in order to enhance sporting performance. Doping has been traced all the way back to 393 BC when Ancient Greeks used substances to improve their performance in the Greek Olympics. Although

Attachment Theory In Pregnancy - 815 Words

Over the last two decades, multiple studies that have examined the stability of attachment classification from infancy have shown significant discrepancies between the rates of continuity, particularly among the low and high-risk groups, as well as, greater rates of discontinuity among middle-risk groups. Waters et al (2000) administered 12-month-old low-risk infants with the Strange Situation Task in a twenty-year longitudinal study and reported a stability rate of 64%, whereas, Aikins, Howes and Hamilton (2009) via similar procedures demonstrated the stability rate of attachment categories among low-risk infants were only 25%. An explanation for these differences may be due to sample sizes or measurement errors, however the interrater†¦show more content†¦This discontinuity of attachment classifications has been attributed to individuals that have experienced high levels of life stress after one year of age, such as parental divorce, parental depression/hospitalization, de ath of a parent, abuse by a family member, etc. These variables are especially prevalent among disadvantaged groups living in poverty, who experiences greater life stress consistently. Hence, negative life events can cause changes in the quality of caregiving and alter the dynamics of the family, which impacts the stability of attachment relationship from infancy onwards. Therefore, it is the caregiver’s behaviour and the environmental factors surrounding the individual that shapes the stability and change in attachment styles rather than age such as one year. This also supports Bowlby’s attachment theory which highlights both stability and change, hence, it can be concluded infant attachment styles (as measured by the Ainsworth Strange Situation Task) isn’t permanent and can change even after the first year of life. Overall, this emphasises the importance of caregiver-child relationship and their effect on the socio-emotional development of children. The developmental psychological model outlined by Schore (1999), clearly demonstrates secure parental-child attachment is linked to better cognitive and behavioural outcome for theShow MoreRelatedAttachment And Its Effects On Children s Life1025 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment starts to develop since the women’s pregnancy, during this stage of human development the female starts to cultivate emotional attachment to the fetus. The method in which attachment is formed during gestation will eventually affect or enhance the child stance during pregnancy or even after birth. Attachment can be defined as the manner in which an infant creates an emotional connection between specific members. Attachment can be clearly detected, especially with the persons who are closerRead MoreMaternal Fetal Attachment Theory Essay659 Words   |  3 PagesAttachme nt theory was developed by psychoanalyst John Bowlby in the 1950s to focus on the bond formed between a mother and child; this first relationship is critical in determining a child’s developmental outcome and it is indicative of the child’s future relationships (Brooks, 2013). A parent and child can develop a secure attachment or fall into one of three insecure attachment styles: anxious-avoidant attachments, anxious-resistant attachments, and disorganized/disoriented attachments. ChildrenRead MoreSylvia And Deborah Case Study1187 Words   |  5 Pagescome from a disconnect with attachment during the early stages of Deborah’s life. In addition, Deborah’s early experiences affect and change the developing right brain system by forging deeper connections (Schore J. Schore K., 2014, p. 179). The process of developing her emotional regulation and personal growth lacks may not have successfully expanded because of the lack of attachment during her early chil dhood. Psychological Components Deborah’s lack of attachment and inability to process stressRead MoreBasic Statistics Essay examples919 Words   |  4 Pages| Project paper and Feasibility Paper: Week 2 | As preparation for the final research paper, formulate a theory about the correlation between measurable independent variables (causes) and one measurable dependent variable (the effect). Be sure to have at least two independent variables for proposed research paper. The topic proposal should include the following four items which serve as the foundation for the final research paper after instructor feedback is given. | 1) Purpose Statement InRead MoreContemporary Attachment Theory : Epigenetics, Right Brain, And Regulation766 Words   |  4 PagesContemporary Attachment Theory: Epigenetics, Right Brain, and Regulation An interdisciplinary move toward consilience, along with advances in developmental, neurobiological, and epigenetic research, has expanded Bowlby’s fundamental ideas into increasingly complex, refinements of contemporary attachment theory, that include findings from epigenetics, and brain, especially right brain, development while illuminating auto regulatory functions. Epigenetics. Contemporary attachment theorists now viewRead MoreA Complex Compound Of Factors That Has Direct And Indirect Effects On My Physical, Cognitive, And Social1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthe disciplinary authority figure in the house, and my father was always trying to get his point through a conversion. I was born in the 80s, at this time, my mother was 20 years old; I was the second child and the third pregnancy. Not uncommon in Latin America is a pregnancy without preparation, and following the protocol of a Latin family, I was not planned, the same way as my brother and sister, we were a result of a passion that didn’t think about the consequences of unprotected sex. HoweverRead MoreBeing the Child of a Parent with a Mental Illness1727 Words   |  7 Pages Being the child of a parent who has a mental illness involves considerable risk to the child’s secure attachment and long-term mental health. Parental mental health concerns place children at a significantly greater risk of lower social, psychological and physical health than children in families not affected by mental illness. (Mayberry et al, 2005). Living with a parent suffering from a mental illness can have huge negative effects for the developing child. It has been proven numerous times thatRead MoreThe Development Of Attachment Theory1336 Words   |  6 Pageswill look at the development of attachment theory since the time of Bowlby and the many theories proposed to determine which best describes attachment. The Attachment theory highlights the importance of attachment especially between mothers and infants in regards to the infants personal development, both physically and emotionally. Bowlby describes attachment as â€Å"lasting psychological connectedness between human beings†(Bowlby, 1969, p.194). Bowlby’s attachment theory suggested that mothers and infantsRead MorePostpartum Depression And Its Effects On Women1163 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, the treatment of mental illness during pregnancy requires weighing the benefits of pharmacological treatment for the mother, to the risk of the medications on th e growth and development of the fetus as well as the theoretical risks associated with undertreated depression. However, many studies are showing that the risks of postpartum depression to both the mother and infant significantly outweigh the risks of pharmacological treatment during pregnancy. Also, due to the ethical issues surroundingRead MoreAn Attachment For Successful Emotional And Social Development Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pages Attachment is a strong emotional connection between two people, often a bond between a child and caregiver. Since Bowlby’s (1969) theory, describing the importance of developing an attachment for successful emotional and social development, other researchers have theorised that not forming attachments affects individuals, including their possible development of mental health issues. Researchers have replicated Ainworths and Wittig’s (1969) Strange Situation experiment, using the results for

Starbucks Strategic Free Essays

string(237) " By collaborating publicly with Conservation International, Starbucks stands to increase their legitimacy with other NGOs; thus, reducing the risk of protests and the negative implications those protests would have on their brand image\." Starbucks – Strategic Management Prowess Efficacy Today we stand witness to a new coffee era, one made up of Caffe Lattes, Espresso Macchiatos, Cappuccinos and Frappuccinos. Specialty Coffee is here to stay and no one will be more eager to tell you that than Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks, the world’s largest specialty coffee bar. In 1993, Starbucks continued its aggressive expansion and moved into the East Coast market by establishing a presence in Washington, D. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Strategic or any similar topic only for you Order Now C. This expansion has continued and today Starbucks operates more then 15,800 stores internationally and employs roughly 140,000 employees. It grosses 11. 7 billion in annual revenue and is opening 5 new stores every day. (Starbucks Corporation, 2011) Starbucks competes with players both within the specialty market and against those outside the specialty coffee market. Some examples of competitors within the specialty coffee market are Tully’s coffee, Seattle’s Best Coffee, Peet’s Coffee, Caribou Coffee and other smaller chains. Those outside the specialty market include, Folgers, Proctor Gamble, Dunkin Donuts, McDonalds and numerous other coffee serving establishments. Starbucks leverages its customer loyalty, premium quality coffee and the homey atmosphere of its stores to fend off competition. Specialty Coffee Industry Attractiveness The most attractive industry for any profit maximizing firm within a capitalistic society would be one in which they can have a pure monopoly. In economics this refers to situations in which one established firm can be the sole provider of a product or service in a particular market segment. This theory of monopoly would be one end of the industry attractiveness scale, while the other endpoint would be defined by the theory of perfect competition. This scale will help us to define the attractiveness of the specialty coffee industry in relation to these two extremes. The five forces analysis of the specialty coffee industry has allowed us to identify some of the key structural characteristics of the main players in the industry, such as the buyers, suppliers, potential new entrants, potential substitutes and rivals within the industry. These key structural characteristics suggest that the forces exerted by these five players on the specialty coffee industry initially made it ideal for a situation to develop in which the industry structure was closer to the monopoly end point on the scale of attractiveness rather than the pure competition end point. The primary competition among rivals within the industry was not price oriented; the buyers of specialty coffee and the sellers of Arabica beans had little bargaining power at their disposal; and there existed no true substitutes for specialty coffee. The strongest force acting on the industry was that of the potential new entrants, which could be mitigated by a first mover firm if it was able to establish dominant brand recognition, successfully expand aggressively and create a defendable differentiated product. Therefore, placing the specialty coffee industry at its inception in the late 1980s on the scale defined above is now possible and it appears to reside closer to the monopoly end of the scale than perfect competition, making it a very desirable industry from the standpoint of a profit maximizing firm such as Starbucks. The second important factor influencing the attractiveness of an industry is the demographic makeup of the consumer base. The higher average American consumption of coffee per day, added to the attractiveness of the industry by providing an enormous pool of potential customers. These two factors also play a significant role in determining the attractiveness of the industry because they show that the average customer of the specialty coffee industry has more financial resources, education and consumes more coffee than the typical American. This implies a consumer base that is more flexible to price fluctuations and is less likely to fuel discounting among rival competitors, or a price war. Both Michael Porter’s five forces analysis of the specialty coffee industry and the demographic makeup of the consumer base, then, suggest an extremely attractive industry with large growth potential in the late 1980s. The objective of any firm trying to dominate or monopolize the specialty coffee industry would be to create defendable sources of competitive advantage through the use of barriers to entry and a horizontal or organic hierarchy that could outpace competition in innovation. Results of the five forces analysis would suggest, given the unlikely prospect of a price war and the negative repercussions of one, that price superiority alone would be an ill-advised approach. Starbucks’ Success Factors First-mover advantage When Howard Shultz purchased the assets of Starbucks on August 18, 1987, he immediately set in motion an aggressive growth strategy targeted at the unique consumer base the specialty coffee industry attracted. Strategic expansion to east Chicago was chosen as the first major eastern expansion target because it presented enormous opportunities being located in the heartland of the two largest basic coffee companies in the United States. The first of these two companies was Folgers, part of the food and beverages division of Procter ; Gamble, and the second company was Maxwell House. California Expansion California simply represented a vast market with an ideal demographic makeup and open attitude toward high quality and innovative foods. Los Angeles was chosen to be the hub city in California given its status as a trendsetter and Hollywood’s cultural ties to the rest of the country. The Catalog Another means Starbucks utilized to determine the most advantageous locations to open new stores was through their mail order catalog. This catalog gave customers the opportunity to order wholesale packaged Starbucks’ coffee beans from anywhere in the country. Employee Satisfaction As Howard Schultz said in reference to his employees, â€Å"these people are not only the heart and soul but also the public face of the company. Every dollar earned passes through their hands. † Maintaining quality of Arabica beans In order to ensure that the quality of Arabica beans stayed at a consistently high level, Starbucks pursued strategies to secure their supply-chain. Environmental / Social Goodwill By collaborating publicly with Conservation International, Starbucks stands to increase their legitimacy with other NGOs; thus, reducing the risk of protests and the negative implications those protests would have on their brand image. You read "Starbucks Strategic" in category "Essay examples" This alliance also allowed Starbucks to attain economies of scale in regards to their ability to contribute positively to the community and the environment by tapping in to some of the expertise offered through Conservation international. The most important aspect of the strategic alliance with conservation international was the collaborative development of C. A. F. E. practices (Coffee and Farmer Equity Practices). The primary goal of the C. A. F. E. practices was to enhance the coffee farmer’s quality of life and to ensure a long-term stream of high quality coffee. Capturing the concept of â€Å"The Third Place† Starbucks tries to offer a â€Å"third place†, where people can get away from the daily routines of their lives and enjoy a cup of coffee from Sumatra, Kenya or Costa Rica. Most importantly, it is a place that offers casual social interactions. Michael Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis The five variables responsible for the forces analyzed using this model are the industry suppliers, buyers, potential new entrants, substitute products and the competition among existing firms. The analysis will apply Porter’s five forces model to the environment surrounding Starbucks today in order to develop an accurate understanding of the current specialty coffee industry. Industry Rivalry Starbucks competes with a variety of smaller scale specialty coffee shops, mostly concentrated in different regions. All of these specialty coffee chains are differentiated from Starbucks in one way or another. Caribou Coffee is a specialty coffee chain that competes with Starbucks. Where Starbucks strives to create an upscale European atmosphere, Caribou coffee tries to implement a more American feel to their coffee houses. A Canadian-based company, A. L. Van Houtte, operates roughly 100 corporate outlets and franchises, serving nearly 3 million cups of coffee per day. As the original inspiration for Starbucks, Peet’s Coffee and Tea Company which originated in Berkeley, California still poses a serious competitive threat. In addition to these smaller scale specialty coffee companies, Starbucks must now compete against two of the largest companies in the fast food industry namely Dunkin Donuts, and McDonald’s restaurant fast food chain. PASTE REST OF COMPETITOR LOGOS Potential for New Entrants The primary deterrents to entry in the specialty coffee industry are the various barriers to entry. The economies of scale within the specialty coffee industry have increased as the size of the top players has increased. There is numerous cost disadvantages imposed on new entrants that are independent of the economies of scale considerations. Product differentiation within the specialty coffee industry has moved towards more subjective traits such as the ambience of the store, the social responsibility of the company and brand identification. All of this makes it more difficult for new entrants to gain a solid customer base. Substitute Products The force created by substitute products in the specialty coffee industry has decreased. Supplier Bargaining Power This initiative was designed to. The fair trade coffee certification ensures that the coffee farmers would be compensated fairly for their crops. Their increased unity under this initiative worked as a positive externality by increasing their ability to exert bargaining power over their buyers, and this initiative is looked at by consumers in their decision of where to purchase their premium coffee. Bargaining Power of Buyers The primary buyers in the specialty coffee industry remain individual consumers, who neither engage in concerted behaviour nor individually purchase in large volumes relative to the total sales of a corporation such as Starbucks. The Specialty Coffee Industry Life Cycle: An Evolutionary Process Through the application of Michael Porter’s five forces model to the specialty coffee industry in which Starbucks currently competes, an understanding of the relative magnitude of each of the five competitive forces has been developed. Specialty Coffee Growth Rate When analyzing the specialty coffee industry’s sales growth from 1990 to 2011, as illustrated in exhibit 1, we can see that the industry experienced enormous growth in total sales between 1998 and 2002. Using exhibit 2, which depicts the generic stages of the industry lifecycle in a graphical format, we can compare the two and pose a hypothesis as to where the specialty coffee industry is in this life cycle. Namely, this comparison suggests that the specialty coffee industry is near the inflection point between the growth stage and the maturity stage in the industry lifecycle. Target Consumer Segment When specialty coffee was first being produced, its target consumer segment was the upper income class. This can be seen in Exhibit 3, which shows a survey Starbucks conducted during the 1990s and highlights the high education and income of its average consumer. This specific customer segment has been nearly fully penetrated. Any additional growth will most likely come from those consumers with middle or lower incomes. Strategic Adaptation Strategies The first thing an organization must do to adapt to a changing lifecycle is to determine where the industry is in that lifecycle. From the assumptions made in this analysis, I have postulated that Starbucks and the specialty coffee industry in the United States is at the end of its growth stage and in the beginning of its mature stage. The buyer market will slowly become fully saturated and repeat buyers will become the primary constituents of the consumer base, with a stronger emphasis on discounting and less differentiation between brands. The next step is formulating a proper strategy to overcome the barriers, in the form of organizational inertia. This would involve developing a fundamental understanding of what the primary contributors to that inertia are. This in turn involves identifying the existing routines and capabilities, the hierarchy structure, along with the power structure and identifying the ingrained perceptions of the business from an outsider’s perspective. Competitive Advantage in a Mature Industry It is first important to determine how Starbucks should reorient their strategic focus, given the characteristics of a mature industry. In the case of Starbucks, they should improve their capabilities in their distribution network and maintain their industry lead in low transportation costs. Starbucks, however, should not attempt to pursue cost advantage in low-cost inputs. In the specialty coffee industry, quality is determined in large part by the quality of the raw inputs, Arabica coffee beans, which are used during the brewing process. Starbucks also should not attempt to seek a cost advantage through their labor force. Undercutting these two inputs would place their brand reputation at risk, which would have a very detrimental effect on their profits. TO ADD: SWOT ANALYSIS + PORTER MODEL IN PICTORIAL FORM+ PESTEL ANALYSIS SOME MOER DIAGRAMS AND PICs Appendix: Starbuck global footprint Growth of Starbuck Stores over last 40 years How to cite Starbucks Strategic, Essay examples

Concerning Contracts Law

Questions: 1. Is Mojo Beverage entitled to pay $100,000 to Ben? 2. Whether there was any valid contract between Livestock Brothers and Dorper Sheep Sellers,If the acceptance were made through fax, would it amount to an acceptance of the offer? 3. Is Stuart liable to pay the full amount of $1000 rental and the deficit amount to Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd? Answers: 1. Law An agreement entered into by two or more parties that is enforceable by law is termed as a contract. The parties entering into the agreement must have legal intentions to bind the agreement (Bhat, 2015). The prerequisite of a valid contract is that it consists of an agreement, an offer and the acceptance of such offer. An offer is the willingness of an offeror to form a contract and acceptance takes place when the offeree accepts the offer proposed. An offer is distinguished from an invitation to treat. Advertisements are usually construed as invitations to treat. However, if they are made to the entire world to accept it, it becomes a unilateral contract and is treated as an offer (Butler et al., 2013). A unilateral contract is formed when either of the parties make an express promise to pay in exchange for an act to be performed by the other party (Cheong, 2014). If the offeree performs according to the offerors promise, the offeror becomes legally bound to fulfill his obligations. In the case Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893), the court held that although the offer was made to the world, Mrs Carlill accepted the offer by fulfilling the terms of the contract. Hence, it amounted to a valid contract and the plaintiff was entitled to the reward. In a unilateral contract, there cannot be acceptance unless the offeree has the knowledge of the offer (Mir, 2015). The party whose performance is sought is not legally bound to perform his obligations but if he performs, the offeror becomes legally bound to comply with the contract (Smits, 2014). Application In the mentioned case, Mojo Beverage made an advertisement for reward that an amount of $100,000 shall be paid whoever catches the tagged Trout. It amounted to a unilateral contract as it was made to all the people of Lake Tranquil. Here, Mojo Beverage is the offeror and Ben the offeree. Ben heard that the price money was erroneous and the correct amount was $1000, few minutes before catching the trout. Ben was aware of the error in the price before catching Lord Harry. Even after that, he proceeded to perform his obligation. In a unilateral contract, when the offeree performs the act, acceptance takes place. Ben performed despite being aware of the change in the offer, which means he had accepted the offer. 2. Law It is a well-established rule that the offeree must communicate the acceptance of an offer to the offeror (Zhang, 2015). A contract would not come into existence unless the offeror receives the acceptance as stated in the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation (1995). Once an offer is accepted the contract becomes binding between the two parties. An offer may be revoked by the offeror at any time unless the offeree has accepted the same. However, the offeror must communicate the revocation of the offer to the offeree (Adriaanse, 2016). The offeree must accept the offer without modifying or changing the original offer. If the offer is modified in any manner, it would be treated as a counter-offer and then the original offer cannot be accepted further as stated in the landmark case of Hyde v Wrench [1840] (McKendrick, 2014). However, a simple request for obtaining information regarding the terms of the offer, it shall not be treated as a counter-offer and the original contract remains intact as observed in Stevenson V. McLean [1880]. Where an offer specifies a stipulated period of time within which it has to be accepted, the offer must be accepted within the stipulated time; otherwise, the offer shall terminate after the expiry of such stipulated period (Jones, 2016). In case, the stipulated period is not expressed, the offer shall be deemed valid for a reasonable period as observed in Ramsgate Victoria Hotel v MonteFiore [1866] LR 1 EX 109. The reasonable time depends upon the circumstances, that prevails at the time the offer is made and acceptance of the same has been made. If the process of acceptance is specified by the offeror, the acceptance of such offer must be communicated by the specified method. If the acceptance is made by telex, telephone and Fax, it is completed when the offeror receives such acceptance. The moment the offeror receives the acceptance the contract is concluded. The offeree must ensure that the acceptance communicated has been received by the offeror to make the contract legally bind ing. Application In the given case, Dorper Sheep Sellers is the offeror who had sent a letter to Livestock Brokers, the offeree, on 1 June, regarding the sale of sheep flock and asked the Livestock Brokers to reply within the period of 14 days. On 6 June, the Livestock Brothers sent a letter to inquire about the terms of the offer regarding the sale to which the Dorper Sheep Sellers did not respond. Here, the Livestock Brokers did not revoke or reject the offer made by the Dorper Sheep Seller, it merely requested to obtain information about the terms of the offer regarding the sale, which does not amount to a counter-offer as the offeree did not modify or change the original offer. The original offer remains intact and binding as stated in Stevenson Jaquess case. However, the offerer expressly specified the stipulated period within which the offeree was required to communicate the acceptance of the offer to the offeror. The offeree accepted the offer after the expiry of the stipulated period. As observed in the Ramsgate Victorias case, if the offeree fails to accept an offer within the stipulated period, the offer automatically terminates after the expiry of the stipulated period. In case Livestock Brokers had communicated the acceptance of the offer by fax within the stipulated period of 14 days, the communication of acceptance shall be completed only when such acceptance is received by the offeror, that is, the Dorper Sheep Seller. 3. Law It is a well-established law that part-payment of a debt is not considered as a good consideration for discharging the full debt. This rule has been established in the landmark case of Penny V Cole [1602]. This rule is referred to as the Pinnels Case. A person owes a certain amount of money to another person, he promises to pay half the amount in full satisfaction, and the other person accepts the same (Kane, 2014). The person accepting the payment cannot be barred from claiming the balance amount later since there is consideration made by the person paying the half amount to make the promise made by the other person, enforceable (Poole, 2016). There is an exception to this rule where consideration may be provided if the creditor agrees and accepts half-payment on prior date rather than the due date or if half-payment is made in a different place and not the original venue (O'Sullivan Hilliard, 2016). Application In the mentioned case, Stuart agreed the lessor, Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd, that he would pay $700 per week instead of $1000 due to a downfall in his business. Westphalia Marts agreed and allowed him to pay the reduced rent amount. Westphalia Marts claims the entire $1000 rental amount per week along with the deficit amount of $300. Here, Stuart made part payment of the rental amount to the lessor, Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd. The lessor although accepted the half payment but it cannot be prevented from claiming the rental amount as stated in the Pinnels case. Conclusion In a unilateral contract, the offeror is legally bound to fulfill the promise made. The offeree is not legally bound to perform his obligations. If the act is performed then the offer is considered as accepted and he becomes entitled to the reward promised. If Ben has performed the act in exchange of the corrected price amount that is, $1000, that was offered by Mojo Beverage then Mojo Beverage being the offeror, would become legally bound to fulfill the promise made. Hence, as stated in the Carbolic Smoke Ball Companys case, Ben would be entitled to receive the reward amount of $1,000 for performing his obligations. A valid contract does not exist between the Livestock Brokers and the Dorper Sheep Seller as the livestock Brokers failed to communicate the acceptance of the offer within the stipulated time and the offer terminated after the expiry of the time-period.In case the acceptance was made by fax, within time the acceptance was not valid, as it was not communicated to the offeror. Stuart is entitled to pay the rental amount along with the deficit amount, as half-payment of a debt is not regarded as a good consideration to discharge the full debt. References Adriaanse, M. J. (2016).Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan. Bhat, A. S. (2015). 008_Contract Law. Butler, D., Christensen, S., Willmott, L., Dixon, B. (2013). Contract Law Case Book. Cheong, T. (2014). A Promising Idea: Reconceptualizing the Formation of Unilateral Contracts.Oxford U. Undergraduate LJ, 1. Jones, E. (2016). Texts, Cases and Materials on Contract Law, by Richard Stone and James Devenney.The Law Teacher, 1-3. Kane, J. (2014). The Rule in Pennel's Case: The Case for Repeal, a Mistaken Preponderance and Finding Consideration in Debt Renegotiations.Dublin ULJ,37, 79. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Mir, F. A. (2015). 020_Mercantile Law. O'Sullivan, J., Hilliard, J. (2016).The law of contract. Oxford University Press. Poole, J. (2016).Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press. Smits, J. M. (2014).Contract law: a comparative introduction. Edward Elgar Publishing. Zhang, E. (2015). Australian Business Law. A Case Study.